Harderwijk
The first reference to the presence of Jews in Harderwijk dates
to 1590. Sometime during the second half of the seventeenth
century, a Jewish butcher settled in Harderwijk, despite a ban on
Jews in the town. In 1715, a Jew became leaseholder of the
municipal lending bank, which remained in the hands of Jewish
leaseholders until the middle of the nineteenth century. The
presence of a university in Hardewijk attracted numerous Jews,
especially those desiring to study medicine or law.
During the 1720's, the Jews of Harderwijk were assigned a cemetery
adjacent to the walls of the town, behind the Grootepoort. In 1759,
permission was granted for Jews to hold religious services in room
furnished to serve as a synagogue; an actual synagogue was not
opened until 1773. By 1760, Jews were granted the rights of
residents of the town. In 1762, they were declared eligible for
full citizenship. The rules and procedures of the Jewish community
of Harderwijk date to the 1770's. At the time, the city council
reserved the right to intervene in the community in the event of
internal conflicts and, until the arrival of Napoleonic rule, still
required Jews from outside of Hardewijk to apply for permission
before settling in the town.
By 1813, thirteen
Jewish families resided in Harderwijk, the breadwinners of which
were traders, slaughterers, and tobacco growers. In 1817, the
community opened a new synagogue on the Jodenkerksteeg. Two decades
later, the synagogue was on the verge of collapse; it was fully
restored in 1839 and went on to serve the community until the eve
of the Second World War. In 1852, the Harderwijk community opened a
new cemetery in the nearby village of Tonsel.
Jewish community organizations in Harderwijk included a
three-member synagogue council that also served as a committee to
aid the poor, two study fellowships, and a women's organization. In
the public realm, several Jews rose to serve as members of the
town's municipal council. The children of the Harderwijk community
received their education in a Jewish school but from 1857 on
followed secular subjects at the local public school.
At the close of the nineteenth century, the Jewish
population of Harderwijk began to decline, largely due to the
departure of many community members to the west of the Netherlands.
In the early 1920's, approximately eighty Jewish refuges from
Eastern Europe were interned at Harderwijk. In 1925, a Jewish
Military Home was opened in the town to serve the many Jewish
soldiers stationed in the surroundings.
During the early stages of the German occupation in the Second
World War, Jewish refugees from Germany were expelled from the
coastal regions of the Netherlands. A number of them were resettled
in Harderwijk and surroundings. During the War, almost all the Jews
of Harderwijk were deported and murdered in Nazi death camps. Only
a few managed to survive the war by going into hiding. The
synagogue building itself came through the war undamaged but its
interior was plundered. After the war, the Torah scrolls of the
Hardewijk synagogue were donated to the Jewish community of Winschoten.
The Jewish community of Harderwijk was
officially dissolved in 1947 and administratively merged into that
of Apeldoorn. The synagogue was sold soon after
the war and subsequently used as a community center. Since 2003,
the building has been the property of the Stichting Algemeen
Christelijk Jeugdwerk and used a center for interchurch youth
services. A plaque affixed to the building in 1995 commemorates the
murdered Jews of Harderwijk. In April 2011 a wall in memory of the
deported Jews and the vanished Jewish life in Harderwijk was opened
in in the former synagogue in the Jodenkerksteeg.
The Jewish cemetery De Veldkamp, located on the
Lindenlaan is now maintained by the municipality.
The best known Jewish native of Harderwijk was Hartog Beem
(1892-1987), a scholar of Jewish history and linguistics, and a
pioneer in the study of the history of the Jews of the Mediene and
of the Western European dialects of Yiddish.
Jewish population of Harderwijk:
| 1809 | 38 |
| 1840 | 56 |
| 1869 | 192 |
| 1899 | 81 |
| 1930 | 57 |
Collectie en mediatheek
Fotoalbum
Twee losbladige fotoalbums met 148 kleurenfoto's van joodse
begraafplaatsen in Nederland, jaren '80.
Collectie > Fotos > 40006664
meer treffers in Collectie > Fotos
Dossier
Dossiers (158) van de Commissie voor Oorlogsschade mbt 155 joodse
gemeentes (Amsterdam en mediene), 1945-1950.
Collectie > Documenten > 00005954
meer treffers in Collectie > Documenten
[Binnenland] : Benoemingen
Benoemingen door de Permanente Commissie in diverse schoolbesturen.
Collectie > Joodse pers > 20031865
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Joodse oorlogsmonumenten in de provincie Gelderland : alsmede algemene...
2005
Joodse oorlogsmonumenten in de provincie Gelderland : alsmede algemene
oorlogsmonumenten waarop joodse namen voorkomen.
Collectie > Literatuur > 12013463
meer treffers in Collectie > Literatuur
Interview met Bertha Menco (Denneboom ) en Rivka (Beilen, 1900-07-26) over jeugd in...
1983
titel, Interview met Bertha Menco (Denneboom ) en Rivka (Beilen, 1900-07-26) over
jeugd in Beilen, joodse les en joods leven in de mediene. maker, Cahen, Joël. ...
Collectie > Audiovisueel > 30000010
